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The pathogenesis of obesity.

Sabrina M Oussaada1, Katy A van Galen1, Mellody I Cooiman2

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental
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Obesity arises from excess energy intake over expenditure, threatening global health. Understanding energy balance and its regulation is key to developing new obesity prevention and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
Energy expenditureFood intakeMetabolic efficiencyMonogenetic obesityObesityReward deficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Obesity is a growing global health crisis driven by a chronic positive energy balance.
  • Increased body fat mass results from sustained energy intake exceeding energy expenditure.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of obesity is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiology of energy expenditure and energy intake in humans.
  • To explore the regulation of energy balance and its role in body weight gain.
  • To identify rare genetic factors contributing to obesity through impaired central food intake regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on human physiology.
  • Analysis of energy expenditure components (e.g., basal metabolic rate, physical activity).
  • Examination of regulatory mechanisms governing energy intake and appetite.

Main Results:

  • Energy expenditure comprises several components influenced by various factors.
  • Energy intake is tightly regulated by complex central and peripheral pathways.
  • Rare monogenic mutations can severely disrupt central appetite control, leading to obesity.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of energy balance physiology is essential for combating obesity.
  • Targeting energy expenditure and intake regulation offers potential therapeutic avenues.
  • Investigating genetic factors provides insights into the pathogenesis of severe obesity.