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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Dehydration Synthesis01:15

Dehydration Synthesis

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Overview
Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
Synthesis of carbohydrates
Sugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from...
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Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions02:17

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

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Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes. 
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
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Lamotrigine: Design and synthesis of new multicomponent solid forms.

António O L Évora1, Ricardo A E Castro2, Teresa M R Maria1

  • 1CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences
|January 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explored lamotrigine multicomponent solid forms using crystal engineering. New co-crystals with theophylline and caffeine, and a salt with diflunisal, were successfully synthesized and characterized.

Keywords:
Co-crystals and saltsDiflunisalLamotriginePyridinecarboxamidesStability assayXanthines

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Crystal engineering
  • Pharmaceutical science

Background:

  • Lamotrigine is an important antiepileptic drug.
  • Understanding multicomponent solid forms is crucial for drug formulation and stability.
  • Exploring novel co-crystals and salts can improve drug properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of lamotrigine multicomponent solid forms.
  • To explore co-crystallization with xanthines (theophylline, caffeine) and pyridinecarboxamides.
  • To examine salt formation with diflunisal.

Main Methods:

  • Crystal engineering and thermodynamic-based approaches.
  • Mechanochemistry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA).
  • X-ray powder and single crystal diffraction, infrared spectroscopy (IR).

Main Results:

  • Mechanochemistry alone was unsuccessful in forming associations.
  • Co-crystals of lamotrigine with theophylline (1:1) and caffeine (2:1) were identified.
  • A stable 1:1 lamotrigine:diflunisal salt was formed and characterized.

Conclusions:

  • Successful synthesis of lamotrigine co-crystals and a salt was achieved.
  • Molecular recognition with pyridinecarboxamides was dependent on the isomer.
  • The study contributes to the knowledge of lamotrigine's solid-state behavior.