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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
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Okadaic acid (OA): Toxicity, detection and detoxification.

Ling-Ling Fu1, Xiao-Yu Zhao1, Lin-Dan Ji2

  • 1Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|January 15, 2019
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Okadaic acid (OA) is a marine toxin found in shellfish that causes cell damage and death. This review covers OA

Keywords:
DetectionDetoxificationDiarrhetic shellfish poisoningOkadaic acidProtein phosphatase

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Toxicology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Okadaic acid (OA) is a potent marine toxin accumulating in shellfish.
  • Consumption of contaminated shellfish poses a significant human health risk.
  • OA exposure induces cellular damage and death in various cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on Okadaic acid (OA).
  • To summarize OA's toxicity effects.
  • To discuss methods for OA detection and detoxification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on OA.
  • Analysis of in vivo and in vitro research on OA toxicity.
  • Compilation of data on OA detection and detoxification strategies.

Main Results:

  • OA exposure leads to significant morphological and functional changes in cells.
  • Cell death is a common outcome following OA exposure.
  • Research indicates a growing concern and increased reporting of OA poisoning incidents.

Conclusions:

  • Okadaic acid (OA) represents a serious threat to human health via shellfish consumption.
  • Further research into OA detection and detoxification is crucial.
  • Understanding OA's toxicological profile is essential for public health protection.