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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Parathyroid Carcinoma.

Filomena Cetani, Elena Pardi, Claudio Marcocci

    Frontiers of Hormone Research
    |January 15, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare endocrine cancer often diagnosed post-surgery. Key genomic alterations include CDC73 mutations, and treatment focuses on surgical resection and managing hypercalcemia.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Oncology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare endocrine malignancy.
    • It accounts for <1% of sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and up to 15% in hereditary hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome.
    • Diagnosis is challenging, often confirmed postoperatively via histology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize the current understanding of parathyroid carcinoma.
    • To highlight genomic alterations and diagnostic challenges.
    • To outline treatment strategies and survival outcomes.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on parathyroid carcinoma.
    • Analysis of genomic alterations, including CDC73 mutations and other gene mutations/amplifications.
    • Summary of clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment approaches.

    Main Results:

    • Genomic alterations in PC frequently involve CDC73 gene mutations (parafibromin loss-of-function).
    • Other identified mutations include mTOR, KMT2D, CDKN2C, THRAP3, PIK3CA, EZH2, and CCND1 gene amplification.
    • Clinical symptoms are primarily due to excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion.

    Conclusions:

    • En bloc resection is the primary treatment for resectable PC.
    • Surgical morbidity and the need for multiple procedures are considerations.
    • For unresectable tumors, medical management of hypercalcemia is crucial.
    • Reported 5- and 10-year survival rates range from 77-100% and 49-91%, respectively.