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Related Concept Videos

Shunt Admittances01:26

Shunt Admittances

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Shunt admittances play a crucial role in the analysis of transmission lines, particularly for three-phase systems with neutral conductors. When a uniformly charged conductor is positioned above the Earth, it induces an equal but opposite charge on its surface. This interaction creates electric field lines between the conductor and the Earth.
To model this effect, the method of images is employed. This method involves replacing the Earth with an image conductor that mirrors the original...
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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
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[The clinical application of ventriculovesical shunts].

P Y Lou1, H Chen, Z H Wu

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, China.

Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi
|January 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Ventriculovesical shunts offer an alternative for hydrocephalus treatment when ventriculoperitoneal shunts fail due to complications. This study shows VV shunts can be effective when the peritoneal cavity is unusable.

Keywords:
HydrocephalusVentriculoperitoneal shuntsVentriculovesical shunts

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Urology

Background:

  • Hydrocephalus management often relies on ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts.
  • VP shunt complications, including peritoneal fluid inclusion and infection, necessitate alternative treatments.
  • The peritoneal cavity's unsuitability for VP shunt placement requires exploration of other diversion techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a clinical protocol for ventriculovesical (VV) shunt application.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of VV shunts as an alternative to VP shunts in specific patient populations.
  • To identify patient selection criteria for VV shunt placement.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 25 patients received VV shunts between March 2010 and March 2016.
  • Patients had prior VP shunt malfunctions due to peritoneal issues (fluid inclusion, absorption failure, infection, pain).
  • Preoperative assessments included urinalysis, renal function tests, and bladder ultrasonography.

Main Results:

  • The majority of VV shunts remained functional post-implantation.
  • Complications included two deaths from unrelated causes, one shunt removal for occlusion, and one case of penile pain.
  • VV shunts provided a viable distal diversion in patients with peritoneal complications.

Conclusions:

  • Ventriculovesical shunts are a viable option for hydrocephalus treatment when the peritoneal cavity is compromised.
  • VV shunts can effectively manage hydrocephalus in patients unsuitable for traditional VP shunt therapy.
  • Careful patient selection and preoperative evaluation are crucial for successful VV shunt outcomes.