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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
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Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis
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[Research progress in epigenetic studies on systemic sclerosis].

Ying Long1, Weilin Chen1, Qian Du1

  • 1Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.

Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical Sciences
|January 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic factors like DNA methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial in systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease. Understanding these epigenetic changes offers new insights into SSc pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease marked by vascular issues, inflammation, and fibrosis.
  • Fibrosis is a key characteristic of SSc, significantly contributing to patient mortality.
  • The etiology of SSc remains largely unknown, driving research into underlying mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of epigenetics, specifically DNA methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs), in the pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis.
  • To investigate how epigenetic alterations influence cellular functions relevant to SSc, including endothelial cells, T cells, and fibroblasts.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current research on epigenetic modifications in Systemic Sclerosis.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on DNA methylation patterns and miRNA expression in SSc patients.
  • Examination of the functional impact of these epigenetic changes on key cell types involved in SSc.

Main Results:

  • Abnormal DNA methylation is implicated in the dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells, CD4+ T cells, and fibroblasts in SSc.
  • Serum miRNAs show correlations with autoantibodies, disease activity, and complications in SSc.
  • Fibroblast-derived miRNAs can directly modulate fibroblast activation, a critical process in SSc fibrosis.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic dysregulation, particularly DNA methylation and miRNAs, plays a significant role in the development and progression of Systemic Sclerosis.
  • These epigenetic factors represent potential biomarkers for SSc activity and complications, as well as therapeutic targets.