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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet
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Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in two piglets.

Tomoaki Murakami1, Tomoyuki Miyoshi1, Natsumi Takahashi2

  • 1Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
|January 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) was diagnosed in two Yorkshire piglets. This study details the first reported swine cases of PHPV, characterized by fibrovascular tissue and retinal detachment.

Keywords:
macrophthalmiapersistent hyperplastic primary vitreouspigretinal dysplasia

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Ophthalmology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Comparative Pathology

Background:

  • Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is a congenital developmental anomaly affecting the eye.
  • While documented in various species, PHPV in swine has not been previously reported.

Observation:

  • Two Large Yorkshire piglets presented with ocular abnormalities consistent with PHPV.
  • Case 1 exhibited a cord-like structure from optic disc to lens in a normal-sized eye.
  • Case 2 displayed buphthalmos and obscured intraocular details due to hemorrhage, with a subtle cord-like structure.

Findings:

  • Histopathology confirmed a fibrovascular cord-like structure within the hyaloid vitreous in both cases.
  • Retinal detachment and dysplastic nervous tissue in the anterior vitreous were observed.
  • Immunohistochemistry indicated the dysplastic tissue originated from the detached neural retina.

Implications:

  • This report establishes the first documented cases of swine PHPV.
  • Understanding PHPV in swine contributes to comparative ophthalmology and veterinary developmental pathology.
  • The findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of PHPV in a novel animal model.