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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Nerve Supply of the GI Tract01:27

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The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
The enteric nervous system consists of two major plexuses: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus). These plexuses are located within the layers of...
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Histology of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract01:20

Histology of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

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The GI tract, from beginning to end, is made up of four continuous tissue layers that adjust their structure according to their specific roles. These layers, from innermost to outermost, are known as the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa, which are continuous with the mesentery.
The mucosa is sometimes called a mucous membrane due to its mucus-secreting features. This membrane is composed of epithelium, which directly interacts with ingested substances, and the lamina propria, a layer...
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Current Density01:21

Current Density

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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...
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Displacement Current01:19

Displacement Current

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Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.
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Related Experiment Video

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Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
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Biliary tract cancer: current challenges and future prospects.

Michele Ghidini1, Claudio Pizzo1, Andrea Botticelli2

  • 1Department of Oncology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Cremona, Cremona, Italy.

Cancer Management and Research
|January 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Biliary tract carcinoma (BTC) treatment options are limited. Molecular profiling is key to developing new targeted therapies and immunotherapies for distinct BTC subtypes, offering future treatment prospects.

Keywords:
adjuvant treatmentcholangiocarcinomafirst-line treatmentmolecular profilingsurgerytargeted therapies

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Biliary tract carcinoma (BTC) incidence and mortality are rising globally, particularly in South America and Asia.
  • Late-stage diagnosis and post-surgical relapse contribute to BTC's poor prognosis.
  • Current treatment strategies for BTC are limited, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of biliary tract carcinoma (BTC) treatment.
  • To explore future prospects in BTC therapy, including molecular profiling, immunotherapy, and targeted treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of MEDLINE and 2018 ASCO Meeting abstracts.
  • Inclusion of published clinical trials, translational series, and meeting abstracts.

Main Results:

  • Adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine is the standard of care for resected BTC.
  • Gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy remains the standard for advanced or metastatic BTC.
  • Targeted therapies have not improved survival; molecular profiling identifies BTC subtypes for new targeted and immunotherapy trials.

Conclusions:

  • Biliary tract carcinoma (BTC) presents limited treatment options.
  • Distinct BTC subtypes exhibit unique genetic mutations and pathway alterations.
  • Molecular profiling is crucial for developing tailored treatment strategies using targeted agents and immunotherapy.