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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Social psychologists analyze how groups influence one another, shaping social structures and interactions through both cooperation and competition. These dynamics manifest in various ways, ranging from economic partnerships to intergroup conflicts that shape societal structures and perceptions.Cooperation and Competition in Intergroup RelationsIntergroup relationships vary across contexts, sometimes fostering cooperation and mutual benefit while at other times leading to conflict and...
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Chemical Formulas02:52

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A chemical formula presents information about the proportions of atoms constituting a particular chemical compound or molecule, mainly using symbols of elements and numbers. At times other symbols, such as dashes, parentheses, brackets, commas, plus, and minus signs, are also used. A chemical formula can be one of three types – molecular, empirical, and structural.
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Chemical Equations03:10

Chemical Equations

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Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the left side of the equation. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are placed on the right side of the equation. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (→) separates the reactant and product (left and right)...
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Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology
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Chemically Interconnected Thermotropic Polymers for Transparency-Tunable and Impact-Resistant Windows.

Cheng Zhang, Heng Deng, Stuart M Kenderes

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    |January 16, 2019
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    Summary

    Chemically interconnected thermotropic polymers offer tunable transparency for smart windows. This novel poly(glycerol-dodecanoate) system overcomes interface issues, enhancing stability and mechanical properties for energy-efficient applications.

    Keywords:
    chemical interconnectionimpact-resistantsmart windowsthermotropic polymerstough interfacial bonding

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Polymer Chemistry
    • Smart Materials

    Background:

    • Thermotropic polymers are crucial for smart and energy-saving windows, enabling tunable transparency.
    • Current systems often use physical dispersions, leading to poor interfaces, weak adhesion, and reduced long-term stability.
    • Addressing these limitations is key for advanced window technologies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel, chemically interconnected thermotropic polymer system.
    • To enhance the mechanical properties and long-term stability of thermotropic materials for window applications.
    • To achieve tunable optical transparency through a controlled phase transition.

    Main Methods:

    • Synthesized a chemically interconnected polymer, poly(glycerol-dodecanoate) (PGD), by reacting dodecanedioic acid (DDA) with glycerol.
    • Incorporated non-cross-linked DDA molecules to form semicrystalline domains within the PGD matrix.
    • Evaluated the thermotropic behavior, optical properties, and interfacial bonding of the PGD-DDA system.

    Main Results:

    • The PGD-DDA system exhibits tunable optical transparency due to the solid-liquid phase transition of semicrystalline domains.
    • Demonstrated stable performance over 100 heating-cooling cycles.
    • Achieved significantly improved interfacial bonding to glass substrates (>6910 J m⁻² below transition, >135 J m⁻² above), enhancing window impact resistance.

    Conclusions:

    • The chemically interconnected PGD-DDA polymer offers a robust solution for tunable transparency in smart windows.
    • This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional dispersed systems, providing superior stability and mechanical integrity.
    • The material shows significant potential for energy-efficient building envelopes and advanced glazing applications.