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Related Concept Videos

Concentration Cells02:41

Concentration Cells

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
Consider the following voltaic cell:
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Solution Concentration and Dilution02:59

Solution Concentration and Dilution

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The relative amount of a given solution component is known as its concentration. Often, though not always, a solution contains one component with a concentration that is significantly greater than that of all other components. This component is called the solvent and may be viewed as the medium in which the other components are dispersed or dissolved. Solutions in which water is the solvent are, of course, very common on our planet. A solution in which water is the solvent is called an aqueous...
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Stress Concentrations01:13

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The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
The stress...
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Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

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Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
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Concentration and Rate Law03:03

Concentration and Rate Law

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The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions describing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants.
For example, in a generic reaction aA + bB ⟶ products, where a and b are stoichiometric coefficients, the rate law can be written as:
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Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations02:05

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

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Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
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Tangential Flow Ultrafiltration: A “Green” Method for the Size Selection and Concentration of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles
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Binary Colloidal Nanoparticle Concentration Gradients in a Centrifugal Field at High Concentration.

X Xu1,2,3, T Franke2, K Schilling2

  • 1Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.

Nano Letters
|January 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers can now precisely control nanoparticle concentration gradients in centrifugal fields. This breakthrough allows for the creation of extended phase diagrams for binary colloidal nanoparticles, simplifying experimental processes.

Keywords:
Binary nanoparticle concentration gradientsbinary nanoparticle phase diagramhigh particle concentrationsedimentation−diffusion equilibrium

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Binary colloidal nanoparticles form diverse crystalline phases influenced by concentration gradients in centrifugal fields.
  • Current methods for controlling these gradients are empirical and limited.
  • Understanding and controlling these gradients is crucial for tailoring nanoparticle behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for measuring, fitting, and simulating binary hard-sphere colloidal nanoparticle concentration gradients.
  • To enable the creation of tailor-made gradients in a centrifugal field for nanoparticle research.
  • To obtain an extended phase diagram for binary nanoparticles by accessing continuous concentration ratios in a single experiment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multi-wavelength analytical ultracentrifugation (MWL-AUC) to measure individual concentration gradients of differently sized silica nanoparticles.
  • Employed a refractive index matching solvent and fluorescence dyes for precise measurements.
  • Corrected for turbidity effects using MWL spectra and fitted experimental data with a noninteracting nonideal sedimentation model.

Main Results:

  • Successfully measured and simulated binary nanoparticle concentration gradients up to 30 vol %.
  • Demonstrated agreement between simulated and experimental gradients at 10 vol %.
  • Validated the simulation of binary concentration gradients in preparative ultracentrifuges (PUCs).

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first method to accurately measure, fit, and simulate binary nanoparticle concentration gradients.
  • The developed technique allows for the generation of continuous concentration ratios, enabling the creation of extended binary nanoparticle phase diagrams.
  • Simulating concentration gradients in PUCs offers a streamlined approach to studying nanoparticle phase behavior, reducing the need for numerous discrete experiments.