Generation and probing of 3D helical lattices with tunable helix pitch and interface

We propose a method for generation of tunable three-dimensional (3D) helical lattices with varying helix pitch. In order to change only the lattice helix pitch, a periodically varying phase along the propagation direction is added to the central beam - one of the interference beams for lattice construction. The phase periodicity determines the helix pitch, which can be reconfigured at ease. Furthermore, a helical lattice structure with an interface (domain wall) is also achieved by changing the phase structure of the lateral beams, leading to opposite rotating direction (helicity) on different sides of the interface. When a Gaussian beam is used to probe the bulk lattice, it can evolve into a spiral beam with its helicity varying in accordance with that of the lattice. Probing along the interface with two dipole-like optical beams leads to unusual propagation dynamics, depending on the phase and size of the two beams. This approach could be further explored for studies of nonlinear interface solitons and topological interface states. In addition, the helical lattices may find applications in dynamical multi-beam optical tweezers.