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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Integrated Optics
    • Non-linear Optics

    Background:

    • Integrated optical isolators are crucial for preventing back reflections in photonic circuits.
    • Phase modulators are key components in optical signal manipulation.
    • Existing models often overlook non-linear effects and RF signal impacts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a phenomenological model for a unidirectional phase modulator.
    • To investigate the influence of non-linearity, residual amplitude modulation, and RF driving signals.
    • To optimize modulator design parameters for maximum isolation and minimal forward-propagating side bands.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a novel phenomenological model for tandem phase modulators.
    • Experimental verification of the model using a device on an Indium Phosphide (InP) platform.
    • Systematic analysis of design parameters to determine optimal operating ranges.

    Main Results:

    • The phenomenological model accurately captures non-linear effects and RF signal influences.
    • Experimental validation confirms the model's predictive capabilities.
    • Design parameters were derived to achieve modulation side bands below 40 dB in forward-propagating light.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed model provides a comprehensive understanding of unidirectional phase modulator performance.
    • The optimized design enables high-performance integrated optical isolators.
    • This work advances the integration of isolator functionalities into photonic circuits.