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    This study combines 4D trellis-coded modulation (TCM) with Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) for improved optical transmission. The novel approach enhances receiver sensitivity and reduces bit error rates in high-speed systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Communications
    • Digital Signal Processing
    • Information Theory

    Background:

    • Bandwidth limitations in Intensity Modulation/Direct Detection (IM/DD) systems cause inter-symbol interference (ISI).
    • Trellis-coded modulation (TCM) offers coding gain but is sensitive to ISI.
    • Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) can mitigate ISI by approximating an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the performance enhancement of combining 4D TCM with transmitter-side THP in IM/DD transmissions.
    • To experimentally validate the theoretical benefits of this combined approach.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of 4D trellis-coded modulation (TCM) integrated with transmitter-side Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP).
    • Experimental setup using off-the-shelf commercial components with a system bandwidth of approximately 3.5 GHz.
    • Performance evaluation at bit rates ranging from 56 Gbit/s to 112 Gbit/s, using the KP4 Forward Error Correction (FEC) threshold (BER = 2 × 10-4).

    Main Results:

    • The combined TCM and THP approach demonstrated improved receiver sensitivity across tested bit rates.
    • In a 112 Gbit/s back-to-back transmission, THP-assisted 4D-PAM4 TCM improved receiver sensitivity by 3.3 dB compared to conventional PAM4 at the KP4 FEC threshold.
    • The integration of TCM and THP also contributed to a reduction in the bit error rate (BER) floor.

    Conclusions:

    • Combining 4D TCM with THP is an effective strategy to enhance receiver sensitivity and performance in bandwidth-limited IM/DD optical systems.
    • This technique allows TCM to maintain its coding gain despite significant ISI.
    • The proposed method offers a practical solution for achieving higher data rates with improved reliability in optical communication systems.