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Related Concept Videos

Communication01:03

Communication

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Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.
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Communication01:28

Communication

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Sharing information, concepts, and emotions to foster mutual understanding is communication. The sender, recipient, and transaction must be considered in this manner. The sender is the person who shares the message, the recipient is the person who receives and understands the message, and the transaction is the method used to deliver the message and the variables that affect the communication's context and surroundings. The nurse-client connection is built on therapeutic communication.
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Neuronal Communication01:28

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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
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Therapeutic Communication01:30

Therapeutic Communication

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Communication is a lifelong learning process. Through therapeutic communication, nurses can collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact during nursing interventions. Sending and receiving messages occur through verbal and nonverbal communication techniques and can happen separately or simultaneously.
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Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
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Barriers to Effective Communication II01:21

Barriers to Effective Communication II

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The barriers to effective communication also include cultural barriers, semantic barriers, gender barriers, and time constraints.
Cultural barriers:
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Semantic barriers:
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Photonic-layer encryption and steganography over IM/DD communication system.

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    This study introduces a low-cost secure communication system using intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) with 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4). The system encrypts signals in time and frequency domains, ensuring only eligible receivers can decrypt them.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Communications
    • Information Security
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Secure communication systems are crucial for protecting sensitive data.
    • Existing methods often involve complex encryption or high costs.
    • Photonic-layer security offers a promising alternative for integrated systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel, low-cost photonic-layer secured communication system.
    • To implement a stealthy and encrypted signal transmission method.
    • To analyze and validate the reception performance of the proposed system.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing an intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) scheme.
    • Employing 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) for data encoding.
    • Burying signals under amplifier spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and applying a spectral phase mask for encryption.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed system achieves signal stealth and encryption in both frequency and time domains.
    • Analytical comparison shows a superior signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the secured signal.
    • Experimental validation demonstrates significant processing gain for error-free reception, even with negative optical SNR.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed system provides effective photonic-layer security.
    • Eligible receivers can successfully decrypt the stealthy and encrypted signals.
    • The system offers a viable low-cost solution for secure optical communications.