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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

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Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
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Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

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Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
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Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

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Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Bidirectional image transmission through physically thick scattering media using digital optical phase conjugation.

Mu Qiao, Honglin Liu, Shensheng Han

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    |January 16, 2019
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    We achieved bidirectional image transmission through scattering media using digital optical phase conjugation. Optimizing spatial light modulator placement maximizes the field of view and allows for further expansion through wavefront measurements.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Wave Phenomena
    • Image Transmission

    Background:

    • Scattering media limit optical transmission and imaging.
    • Digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) offers a method to overcome scattering.
    • Exploiting the memory effect of scattering media is crucial for enhanced imaging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate bidirectional image transmission through a thick scattering medium.
    • To investigate the role of spatial light modulator placement in maximizing field of view (FOV).
    • To explore methods for expanding the FOV in scattering media imaging.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) for image transmission.
    • Employing a physically thick scattering medium within its memory effect range.
    • Relocating the spatial light modulator to the middle plane of the scattering medium.
    • Performing multiple wavefront measurements to expand the field of view.

    Main Results:

    • Successful bidirectional image transmission through a thick scattering medium was achieved.
    • Bidirectional transmission was shown to be independent of optical reciprocity.
    • Maximum field of view (FOV) was obtained when the spatial light modulator was placed at the medium's center.
    • The FOV was successfully expanded n times by conducting n wavefront measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • Bidirectional image transmission through scattering media is feasible using DOPC.
    • Optimizing spatial light modulator placement is key to maximizing FOV by exploiting the memory effect.
    • Wavefront measurements provide a scalable method for further FOV expansion in scattering imaging.