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Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending01:23

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The design of prismatic beams, structural elements with a uniform cross-section, focuses on ensuring safety and structural integrity under load. The design process begins by determining the allowable stress, either from material properties tables, or by dividing the material's ultimate strength by a safety factor. This safety factor is essential for accommodating uncertainties, and varies depending on the material—timber, steel, or concrete—with each having unique strength and...
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The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
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On-chip polarization beam splitter design for optical coherence tomography.

E Heemskerk, B I Akca

    Optics Express
    |January 16, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    We designed an ultra-broadband, low-loss silicon nitride polarization beam splitter (PBS) for optical coherence tomography. This compact device offers over 220 nm bandwidth and 15 dB extinction ratio, enabling efficient polarization handling.

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Polarization beam splitters (PBSs) are critical components in various optical systems for manipulating light polarization.
    • Existing PBS designs often face limitations in bandwidth, loss, or fabrication complexity.
    • Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) requires high-performance PBSs for accurate imaging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and present an ultra-broadband, low-loss, and easily fabricated PBS.
    • To enhance the performance of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography systems.
    • To achieve a compact PBS device with a large operating bandwidth and high extinction ratio.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a silicon nitride asymmetrical directional coupler.

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  • Introduced phase difference between transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes using straight waveguides of different widths and an offset.
  • Incorporated a bent waveguide near the through port to extend the operational bandwidth.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved an ultra-broadband operation exceeding 220 nm.
    • Demonstrated a high extinction ratio greater than 15 dB.
    • Developed a compact device with an overall length of only 400 µm.
    • The design is easy to fabricate.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed silicon nitride asymmetrical directional coupler serves as an effective ultra-broadband, low-loss PBS.
    • This compact and high-performance PBS is suitable for advanced polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography systems.
    • The design offers a practical solution for efficient polarization handling in photonic integrated circuits.