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Isthmocele: From Risk Factors to Management
Piergiorgio Iannone1, Giulia Nencini1, Gloria Bonaccorsi1
1Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna, Università di Ferrara, Cona, Ferrara, Italy.
Objective:
The aim of the present study was to perform a comprehensive review of the literature to provide a complete and clear picture of isthmocele-a hypoechoic area within the myometrium at the site of the uterine scar of a previous cesarean section-by exploring in depth every aspect of this condition.
Methods:
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify the most relevant studies about this topic.
Results:
Every aspect of isthmocele has been studied and described: pathophysiology, clinical symptoms, classification, and diagnosis. Its treatment, both medical and surgical, has also been reported according to the actual literature data.
Conclusion:
Cesarean section is the most common surgical procedure performed worldwide, and one of the consequences of this technique is isthmocele. A single and systematic classification of isthmocele is needed to improve its diagnosis and management. Further studies should be performed to better understand its pathogenesis.
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