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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Heart01:27

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability
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Materials for the Spine: Anatomy, Problems, and Solutions.

Brody A Frost1, Sandra Camarero-Espinosa2, E Johan Foster3

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. bfrost12@vt.edu.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Intervertebral disc degeneration, a common cause of lower back pain, impacts spinal health. Tissue engineering offers promising new solutions beyond current treatments for this widespread condition.

Keywords:
degenerative disc diseaseherniated discintervertebral discspinal anatomyspinal fusiontissue engineeringtotal disc replacement

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedics
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Intervertebral disc degeneration affects 12-35% of the population, often in the lumbar spine.
  • Degeneration of the extracellular matrix (ECM) compromises disc function and can lead to herniation and severe back pain.
  • Current treatments like spinal fusion and total disc replacement (TDR) have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomy and function of intervertebral discs.
  • To discuss the challenges associated with disc degeneration and current treatments.
  • To explore emerging tissue engineering solutions for disc repair.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of spinal anatomy and intervertebral disc biology.
  • Analysis of current treatment modalities for disc degeneration.
  • Exploration of tissue engineering strategies and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • Disc degeneration significantly impacts spinal biomechanics and patient quality of life.
  • Existing surgical interventions offer pain relief but present considerable challenges.
  • Tissue engineering presents a promising avenue for restoring disc function.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding disc biology is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Novel tissue engineering approaches are needed to address the limitations of current therapies.
  • Further research in regenerative medicine holds potential for treating disc degeneration.