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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Neoepitopes-based vaccines: challenges and perspectives.

Vincent Alcazer1, Paola Bonaventura2, Laurie Tonon3

  • 1Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service D'hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052/CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.

European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer vaccines targeting neoantigens show promise, especially with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These vaccines may boost anti-tumour immunity in advanced cancers and improve long-term disease control.

Keywords:
CancerNeoantigensNeoepitopesPersonalised vaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Early cancer vaccines using shared tumor antigens yielded limited clinical success.
  • The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has revitalized interest in cancer vaccines targeting neoantigens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the renewed interest in anti-tumoral vaccination based on mutation-associated neoantigens.
  • To discuss the potential of neoantigen vaccines in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors and in adjuvant settings.
  • To highlight challenges and future directions in neoantigen vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on cancer vaccines, neoantigens, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data and preclinical research findings.
  • Discussion of immunological mechanisms and resistance pathways.

Main Results:

  • First-generation cancer vaccines showed disappointing clinical outcomes.
  • Neoantigen-based vaccines demonstrate encouraging early clinical activity and induce specific immune responses.
  • Vaccination can enhance responses to Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1/-L1) inhibitors and prime T-cell responses in 'cold' tumors.
  • Adjuvant vaccination may offer long-term control of residual disease.

Conclusions:

  • Neoantigen-based cancer vaccines represent a promising therapeutic strategy, particularly when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • Challenges remain in predicting effective neoepitopes and understanding resistance mechanisms.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of CD4+ T cells and explore novel neoantigen sources.