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Perspectives on Neuroscience

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The Pronephros; a Fresh Perspective.

B S de Bakker¹, M J B van den Hoff¹, P D Vize²

¹Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Integrative and Comparative Biology

|January 17, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human embryos do not develop a true pronephros (early kidney stage). This stage, characterized by external glomeruli, is absent in humans, unlike in aquatic vertebrates. The term pronephros should be used cautiously in amniotes.

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Nephrology
Comparative Anatomy

Background:

Current understanding of human kidney development assumes three stages: pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros.
Knowledge of the human pronephros is limited, based on few specimens, and definitions vary, hindering interpretation.
The anamniote (non-amniote) pronephros is increasingly used as a genetic model for kidney organogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a literature overview of vertebrate kidney development.
To clarify the existence and characteristics of the pronephros in human embryos.
To establish clear definitions for understanding kidney development literature.

Main Methods:

Extensive literature survey of vertebrate renal morphology.
Histological examination of human embryos (2-8 weeks gestation).
Compilation of a referenced glossary of terms related to kidney development.

Main Results:

A key difference lies in nephron architecture: pronephros has non-integrated nephrons with external glomeruli.
Meso- and metanephros feature integrated nephrons with internal glomeruli.
Non-integrated nephrons were not found in human embryonic histological sections.

Conclusions:

A true pronephros, as defined by non-integrated nephrons, is not detectable in human embryos.
The pronephros is typically present and functional in anamniotes with free-swimming larvae for aquatic survival.
The term pronephros should be avoided in amniotes unless a functional pronephros is definitively present.