Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution

Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution

The volume of distribution refers to the theoretical volume necessary to contain the entire amount of an administered drug at the same concentration observed in the blood plasma. The body's intracellular fluid compartment, which makes up two-thirds of the total body water, is contrasted with the extracellular fluid compartment—comprising plasma and interstitial fluid—that accounts for one-third. The volume of distribution can vary depending on the characteristics of the drug.

F Distribution

F Distribution

The F distribution was named after Sir Ronald Fisher, an English statistician. The F statistic is a ratio (a fraction) with two sets of degrees of freedom; one for the numerator and one for the denominator. The F distribution is derived from the Student's t distribution. The values of the F distribution are squares of the corresponding values of the t distribution. One-Way ANOVA expands the t test for comparing more than two groups. The scope of that derivation is beyond the level of this...

Distributed Loads

Distributed Loads

Distributed loads are a common type of load that engineers and scientists encounter in various practical situations. Distributed loads often refer to a type of load spread over a surface or a structure and can be modeled as continuous force per unit area.
For example, consider a bookshelf filled with books stacked vertically adjacent to each other. The weight of the books is evenly distributed over the length of the shelf. As a result, the pressure at different locations on the surface of the...

Volume of Distribution

Volume of Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter representing the hypothetical body fluid volume into which a drug disperses. It is calculated based on the total amount of drug in the body (estimated from the administered dose and bioavailability) divided by the plasma drug concentration. The total amount of drug in the body does not directly refer to the dose given but is derived by accounting for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes.

Uniform Distribution

Uniform Distribution

The uniform distribution is a continuous probability distribution of events with an equal probability of occurrence. This distribution is rectangular.
Two essential properties of this distribution are

Normal Distribution

Normal Distribution

The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Exclusive Markovnikov Synthesis of Tertiary Phosphine Sulfides from Secondary Phosphine Oxides, S<sub>8</sub>, and Alkenes.

Organic letters·2026

Same author

A new recombinant avian metapneumovirus vaccine candidate provides complete protection against the novel variant infectious bursal disease virus in chickens.

Veterinary research·2026

Same author

An Efficient and Scalable Approach to Functionalized Urea via Bench-Stable Amidine Building Blocks.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2026

Same author

Characteristics and Risk Factors of Infections among Patients with Autoimmune Bullous Diseases: A Retrospective Single-Center Study in China.

Infectious diseases & immunity·2026

Same author

STOM Promotes Retinal Angiogenesis in Diabetic Retinopathy via the ERK1/2/VEGFA Pathway.

Current eye research·2026

Same author

A Multiassessment and Multiprofessional Agents Approach for Medical Chatbot Risk Estimation: Development and Evaluation Study.

JMIR medical informatics·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Published on: May 11, 2014

Photonics-based wideband distributed coherent aperture radar system.

Xuedi Xiao, Shangyuan Li, Shaowen Peng

|January 18, 2019

Summary

A new photonics-based distributed coherent aperture radar (DCAR) system offers wideband capabilities. This advanced radar technology significantly enhances detection resolution and range precision using fiber optic distribution.

More Related Videos

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Published on: February 1, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Published on: May 11, 2014

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Published on: February 1, 2020

Area of Science:

Photonics and Radar Systems
Coherent Aperture Radar Technology

Background:

Traditional radar systems face limitations in bandwidth and resolution.
Distributed radar architectures offer potential for enhanced performance but require robust synchronization and signal processing.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel photonics-based wideband distributed coherent aperture radar (DCAR) system.
To leverage photonics for improved signal generation and processing in a distributed radar network.

Main Methods:

Utilizing an optical fiber-based time synchronization network to connect a central controlling system with remote transceivers.
Generating optical-carried orthogonal/coherent linear frequency modulated waveforms (LFMWs) using a reconfigurable multi-channel optical arbitrary waveform generator (RMOAWG).
Implementing centralized signal processing for echo waves in the central controlling system, simplifying remote transceivers.

Main Results:

Experimental demonstration of a two-unit DCAR system operating in X-band with a 3 GHz bandwidth.
Achieved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gains of 8.3 dB and 8.33 dB over a single radar when full coherence was established.
Theoretical prediction of a 2.6 times improvement in range detection precision compared to a single radar.

Conclusions:

The proposed photonics-based DCAR system enables wideband operation, enhancing detection resolution.
Centralized signal generation and processing simplify remote transceivers, reducing system complexity and improving flexibility.
The system demonstrates significant SNR gains, leading to substantially improved range detection precision.