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Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes02:18

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Organic compounds of the same molecular formula can have different structural formulas called constitutional isomers, and the phenomenon is known as constitutional isomerism. Alkanes with four or more carbons showing multiple structures with the same molecular formula thereby exhibit constitutional isomerism.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Research and Development of High-performance Explosives
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Discrimination Between Explosive Materials and Isomers Using a Human Color Vision-Inspired Sensing Method.

Kevin J Major1, Thomas C Hutchens2, Christopher R Wilson2

  • 11 Optical Sciences Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.

Applied Spectroscopy
|January 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study applies a human color vision approach for infrared chemical sensing to differentiate explosives like RDX, PETN, and HMX. The method successfully distinguishes these materials with high confidence using IR optical filters.

Keywords:
FT-IRFourier transform infraredbiomimeticexplosive sensinginfrared sensingoptical filters

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical sensing
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Distinguishing explosive materials is critical for security applications.
  • Infrared (IR) spectroscopy offers a non-destructive method for chemical identification.
  • Existing methods may lack the speed or specificity required for real-time detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply a human color vision approach to IR chemical sensing.
  • To discriminate between multiple explosive materials (RDX, PETN, HMX) on aluminum substrates.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of this novel sensing methodology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for computational analysis.
  • Employed a human color vision approach using three broadband overlapping IR optical filters.
  • Designed and tested a laboratory breadboard optical sensor.

Main Results:

  • Successfully discriminated between RDX, PETN, and HMX using the IR sensing approach.
  • Demonstrated high-confidence identification of the explosive materials.
  • Validated the sensor's capability in distinguishing similar chemical compounds.

Conclusions:

  • The human color vision approach is effective for IR chemical sensing.
  • This method provides a promising tool for discriminating between explosive materials.
  • The developed optical sensor shows potential for practical security applications.