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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs
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Hypoplastic right ventricle in a dog.

Alaina Macdonald1

  • 1Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1.

The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne
|January 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A puppy experienced acute respiratory distress due to severe congenital heart defects, specifically a hypoplastic right ventricle, leading to heart failure. This condition caused hypoxemia and ischemia, highlighting critical congenital cardiac issues in young animals.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Canine Pathology

Background:

  • Congenital heart defects are a significant concern in veterinary medicine.
  • Early diagnosis and understanding of cardiac anomalies are crucial for affected animals.

Observation:

  • A 7-week-old crossbred puppy presented with acute respiratory distress.
  • Postmortem examination revealed left- and right-sided heart failure.

Findings:

  • The puppy's heart exhibited a severely hypoplastic right ventricle.
  • Cardiac decompensation was identified as the primary pathological process.

Implications:

  • Severe right ventricular hypoplasia can lead to fatal heart failure in young dogs.

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  • Hypoxemia and ischemia are direct consequences of compromised cardiac function in such cases.
  • This case underscores the importance of recognizing severe congenital cardiac anomalies in pediatric veterinary patients.