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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
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When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
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Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
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The attack of a nucleophile at the β carbon of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound is called conjugate addition. Conjugate addition reactions of active methylene compounds, such as β-diketones, β-keto esters, β-keto nitriles, and α-nitro ketones, are called Michael addition reactions.
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Additive Manufacturing-Enabled Low-Cost Particle Detector
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Additively Manufactured Flow-Resistive Pulse Sensors.

Sarah M Hampson1, Marcus Pollard1, Peter Hauer2

  • 1Department of Chemistry , Loughborough University , Loughborough , Leicestershire LE11 3TU , United Kingdom.

Analytical Chemistry
|January 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a rapid, additive manufacturing method for fabricating reusable resistive pulse sensors (RPSs). This 3D-printed sensor enables facile particle characterization and analysis across various conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Resistive pulse sensors (RPSs) offer particle-by-particle characterization from nanoparticles to biological cells.
  • Traditional RPS fabrication often involves complex lithographic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a facile and rapid method for producing flow-RPSs using additive manufacturing.
  • To demonstrate the control over channel dimensions and reusability of the fabricated sensors.

Main Methods:

  • Additive manufacturing (3D printing) to create sensors with controlled channel dimensions.
  • Experiments and simulations to analyze pulse shapes, particle counting, and sizing.
  • Integration with fluidic pumps for pressure-driven flow and optical microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated facile assembly, disassembly, cleaning, and reuse of the additively manufactured RPS.
  • Showcased the dependence of pulse shapes on channel morphology.
  • Achieved rapid particle characterization down to 1 × 10-3 particles/mL, equivalent to one event per second.

Conclusions:

  • Additive manufacturing provides a rapid and versatile approach for fabricating customizable resistive pulse sensors.
  • The developed flow-RPSs enable efficient and sensitive particle analysis with potential for integrated optical detection.