Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading
Published on: March 6, 2014
Perfluoroheptane-Loaded Hollow Gold Nanoshells Reduce Nanobubble Threshold Flux
Jeong Eun Shin1, Maria O Ogunyankin1, Joseph A Zasadzinski1
1Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
Abstract:
The threshold flux for nanobubble formation and liposome rupture is reduced by 50-60% by adding a liquid mixture of tetradecanol and perfluoroheptane to the interior cavity of 40 nm diameter hollow gold nanoshells (HGN), and allowing the tetradecanol to solidify to hold the perfluoroheptane in place. On absorption of picosecond pulses of near-infrared light, the perfluoroheptane vaporizes to initiate cavitation-like nanobubbles as the HGN temperature increases. The lower spinodal temperature and heat capacity of perfluoroheptane relative to water causes the threshold flux for nanobubble formation to decrease. The perfluoroheptane-containing HGN can be linked via thiol-PEG-lipid tethers to carboxyfluorescein-containing liposomes and shows a similar decreased flux necessary for liposome contents release.
Related Concept Videos
Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts
Electric Flux
Magnetic Flux
Suppose a surface is divided into elements of area dA. For each element, the component of the magnetic field that is normal to the...
Reducing Line Loss
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
Calculation of Electric Flux
Methods of reducing fever
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:

