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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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Soft Crystals: Flexible Response Systems with High Structural Order.

Masako Kato1, Hajime Ito2, Miki Hasegawa3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A novel "soft crystal" material concept is introduced. These crystals change shape, color, and luminescence with gentle stimuli while maintaining structural order, paving the way for new material applications.

Keywords:
crystal structuresphase transitionphotofunctionsoft crystalsstimulus response

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Traditional crystals are rigid and brittle.
  • Soft matter exhibits fluid-like properties.
  • Bridging the gap between hard and soft materials is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and define a new class of materials termed "soft crystals."
  • To explore the unique properties and stimuli-responsive behaviors of soft crystals.
  • To investigate the potential for developing novel materials with combined crystalline order and soft matter flexibility.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptualization of soft crystal materials.
  • Experimental observation of responses to stimuli like vapor and rubbing.
  • Analysis of structural order, shape, color, and luminescence changes.
  • Exploration of formation and phase-transition phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Soft crystals are defined as materials that respond to gentle stimuli (vapor, rubbing).
  • These materials maintain structural order despite responsiveness.
  • Remarkable visual changes in shape, color, and luminescence were observed.
  • Examples of soft crystal formation and phase transitions are presented.

Conclusions:

  • Soft crystals represent a new material paradigm.
  • They offer a unique combination of properties from hard crystals and soft matter.
  • Interdisciplinary research into their formation and transitions is expected to yield advanced materials.