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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
07:23

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

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Factors Regulating microRNA Expression and Function in Multiple Myeloma.

Irena Misiewicz-Krzeminska1,2,3, Patryk Krzeminski4,5, Luis A Corchete6,7

  • 1The Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain. irenamk@usal.es.

Non-Coding RNA
|January 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis, but the reasons for their abnormal expression in myeloma cells are unclear. This review covers factors regulating miRNA expression and function in MM.

Keywords:
methylationmiRNAmiRNA regulationmyeloma multiple

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM).
  • miRNA expression patterns in MM vary with genetic abnormalities and influence critical disease-related genes.
  • The precise mechanisms driving aberrant miRNA expression in myeloma cells remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize current knowledge on factors regulating miRNA expression and functionality in multiple myeloma.
  • To elucidate the underlying causes of abnormal miRNA expression in the context of MM pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of research on miRNA regulation in multiple myeloma.
  • Analysis of studies investigating genetic abnormalities, epigenetic modifications, and transcription factor involvement in miRNA expression.
  • Examination of factors affecting miRNA biogenesis and target accessibility.

Main Results:

  • miRNA expression profiling reveals distinct patterns linked to MM genetic subtypes.
  • Specific miRNAs have been identified as key regulators of genes critical to MM development.
  • Multiple regulatory mechanisms, including copy number alterations, CpG methylation, transcription factors, and biogenesis defects, influence mature miRNA levels.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the regulation of miRNA expression and function is crucial for deciphering MM pathogenesis.
  • Further research into these regulatory factors may reveal novel therapeutic targets for multiple myeloma.