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Classifying Matter by State02:49

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative
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Secondary reduction mammaplasty: does initial pedicle design matter?

Joseph R Spaniol1, Patrick J Buchanan1,2, Richard J Greco3

  • 1a Department of Surgery , Mercer University School of Medicine , Savannah , GA , USA.

Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery
|January 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Repeat breast reduction surgery is possible, even when the original blood vessel supply is unknown. A modified central mound technique preserves nipple sensation and appearance, offering a safe option for patients needing a second reduction mammaplasty.

Keywords:
Reduction mammaplastybreast reductionsecondary breast reductionsecondary reduction mammoplasty

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Reduction mammaplasty is a common procedure.
  • Some patients require a second surgery for persistent macromastia.
  • Uncertainty exists regarding secondary reductions when the primary vascular pedicle is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of repeat reduction mammaplasty.
  • To assess the modified central mound (MCM) technique when the primary pedicle is unknown.
  • To determine outcomes regarding nipple-areolar complex (NAC) viability and sensation.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 30 patients (60 breasts) undergoing repeat reduction mammaplasty (2009-2016).
  • Patients grouped by known vs. unknown primary vascular pedicle and reduction technique.
  • Comparison of complication rates between MCM and other techniques.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in complication rates between MCM and other techniques.
  • Most patients retained breast sensation.
  • No patients required free nipple grafts.

Conclusions:

  • Repeat reduction mammaplasty is a viable option, preserving nipple sensation and NAC appearance.
  • The MCM technique is a safe and effective choice when the primary vascular pedicle is unknown.