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¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...

Production Efficiency

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Trophic Efficiency

Trophic Efficiency

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Efficiency of The Carnot Cycle

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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling

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Published on: April 11, 2025

A Novel Olfactometer for Efficient and Flexible Odorant Delivery.

Shawn D Burton¹, Mia Wipfel², Michael Guo²

¹Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

Chemical Senses

|January 19, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel olfactometer for precise odorant delivery, enabling detailed mapping of olfactory sensory space to neural activity. This new design overcomes limitations of current systems for olfactory research.

Keywords:

calcium imaging olfaction olfactory bulb operant conditioning plume

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sensory Systems Biology
Bioengineering

Background:

Mapping olfactory sensory space to neural activity is crucial for understanding smell.
Current olfactometer designs have limitations, including few stimulus channels and odorant contamination.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel, modular olfactometer design for precise and flexible odorant delivery.
To overcome the limitations of existing olfactometers in olfactory research.

Main Methods:

Construction of a novel, modular olfactometer.
Testing odorant delivery for temporal precision and inter-odorant contamination.
Utilizing the olfactometer in an operant conditioning task with mice for odorant discrimination.

Main Results:

The novel olfactometer delivers an unlimited number of odorants with high temporal precision and no detectable contamination.
It allows flexible generation of odorant mixtures and sequences.
Odorant delivery is reliable, supporting precise mapping of odorants and concentrations to neural activity.

Conclusions:

The new olfactometer design offers significant advantages for studying olfactory perception.
It enables more precise interrogation of the relationship between sensory space and neural activity in the olfactory system.