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Related Concept Videos

Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

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A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Decreased pulse rate01:14

Decreased pulse rate

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Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
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Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Resistance01:19

Resistance

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA
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Decrease of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in nosocomial infections in Germany-a prospective

T S Kramer1, C Schröder1, M Behnke1

  • 1Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203 Berlin, Germany; German National Reference Centre for Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203 Berlin, Germany.

The Journal of Infection
|January 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nosocomial infections significantly decreased in Germany from 2007 to 2016. This study tracked MRSA trends across bloodstream, respiratory, and surgical site infections, showing a notable decline in MRSA prevalence.

Keywords:
GermanyKISSMRSANosocomial infectionsSurveillance

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Microbiology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant pathogen causing healthcare-associated infections.
  • Surveillance of MRSA is crucial for understanding and combating antimicrobial resistance in hospital settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the trends in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence among nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infections in Germany.
  • To identify geographical risk factors associated with MRSA infections.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from the German national nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (2007-2016).
  • Inclusion of data on bloodstream infections (BSI), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), and surgical site infections (SSI).
  • Application of univariate analysis for trend assessment and multivariable logistic regression for risk factor identification.

Main Results:

  • A significant reduction in the proportion of MRSA among all nosocomial SA infections was observed, decreasing from 32.8% to 20.0%.
  • MRSA proportions declined across BSI (37.1% to 21.8%), LRTI (38.7% to 19.2%), and SSI (21.1% to 7.4%).
  • Infections in Mecklenburg Western-Pomerania showed a higher likelihood of being caused by MRSA (OR: 2.5).

Conclusions:

  • A significant reduction in nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by MRSA was observed in Germany over a 10-year period.
  • The findings highlight successful infection control measures or shifts in resistance patterns contributing to decreased MRSA prevalence.