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Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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First Order Systems01:21

First Order Systems

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First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
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Second Order systems I01:20

Second Order systems I

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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
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Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
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Classification of Systems-I01:26

Classification of Systems-I

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Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

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Interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD).

Vincent Cottin1, Kevin K Brown2

  • 1National Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Louis Pradel Hospital, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, 28 Avenue du Doyen Lepine, 69677 Lyon Cedex, Lyon, France. vincent.cottin@chu-lyon.fr.

Respiratory Research
|January 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) requires vigilant monitoring, especially in the initial years post-diagnosis. Early detection through comprehensive evaluation aids in managing this common and potentially fatal SSc complication.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Pulmonology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare, heterogeneous connective tissue disease.
  • Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a frequent and life-threatening complication of SSc.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the evaluation, risk factors, monitoring, and treatment of SSc-ILD.
  • To emphasize the importance of early detection and management of SSc-ILD.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive clinical evaluation including respiratory assessment, HRCT, and pulmonary function tests for newly diagnosed SSc patients.
  • Risk stratification based on SSc subtype, autoantibodies, and disease duration.
  • Monitoring for early signs of ILD, particularly within the first few years of diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Diffuse cutaneous SSc, anti-Scl-70 antibody, and absence of anti-centromere antibody increase ILD risk.
  • Early SSc course presents the highest risk for ILD development.
  • Increased lung fibrosis on HRCT and low FVC predict mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for ILD in SSc patients.
  • Regular monitoring for ILD is crucial, especially in the early years post-SSc diagnosis.