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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Incorporation of a Survivable Liver Biopsy Procedure in Mice to Assess Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis NASH Resolution
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Inflammatory pathways in alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Bin Gao1, Maleeha F Ahmad2, Laura E Nagy3

  • 1Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.

Journal of Hepatology
|January 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Inflammation drives alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) progression through complex immune responses and cell signaling. Understanding these inflammatory pathways is key to developing targeted therapies for this liver disease.

Keywords:
Alcoholic hepatitisDAMPSGut barrierInfiltrating monocytesIntestinal dysbiosisKupffer cellsNeutrophilsPAMPs

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) is characterized by persistent inflammation, a key driver of disease progression.
  • Inflammation in ASH arises from a complex interplay of factors including gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and liver cell injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of various cell types in mediating inflammation during ASH.
  • To explore the signaling pathways and intercellular communication mechanisms involved in ASH pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the dual role of inflammation in both disease progression and liver repair.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation in ASH.
  • Analysis of immune cell involvement, including macrophages, monocytes, and adaptive immune cells.
  • Examination of hepatocyte-derived inflammatory mediators and damage-associated molecular patterns.

Main Results:

  • Hepatocytes contribute to inflammation via chemokine and inflammatory mediator expression and release of damage-associated molecular patterns.
  • Both innate and adaptive immune cells, alongside resident macrophages and infiltrating monocytes, are critical players in ASH-associated inflammation.
  • Extracellular vesicles and microRNAs facilitate cell-cell and inter-organ communication in the context of ASH.

Conclusions:

  • Disruptions in inflammatory regulatory processes are central to ASH progression.
  • Targeted therapeutic strategies for ASH can be developed by understanding these complex inflammatory networks.
  • Inflammation, while pathogenic, also plays a role in liver repair and combating infection in ASH.