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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
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A human embryonic stem cell-based model for benzo[a]pyrene-induced embryotoxicity.

Hongou Wang1, Yu Zhu2, Yulang Chi3

  • 1Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)
|January 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) exposure harms human embryonic development by inhibiting cell growth and differentiation. This polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon disrupts the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and Akt/GSK-3β pathway, leading to apoptosis.

Keywords:
Benzo[a]pyreneEmbryoid bodyEmbryotoxicityEpithelial-mesenchymal transition

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental toxicology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Molecular mechanisms of toxicity

Background:

  • Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a prevalent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
  • In utero B[a]P exposure causes developmental abnormalities, but mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate B[a]P's embryotoxicity using human embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies (EBs).
  • Elucidate the molecular pathways affected by B[a]P during early development.

Main Methods:

  • Human embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) were exposed to B[a]P for 14 days.
  • Morphological, viability, differentiation, and molecular changes were analyzed.
  • Gene expression of germ layer biomarkers and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were assessed.

Main Results:

  • B[a]P exposure repressed EB cell growth, impaired morphology, and induced apoptosis.
  • Gene expression of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm biomarkers was significantly reduced.
  • B[a]P inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and the Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.

Conclusions:

  • B[a]P exposure adversely affects human embryonic development in vitro.
  • Aberrant EB development and apoptosis are linked to B[a]P-induced inhibition of EMT and Akt/GSK-3β signaling.