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Examining upper extremity muscle demand during selected push-up variants.

Andrew J Ho1, Alan C Cudlip1, Daniel C Ribeiro2

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.

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|January 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Modifying push-up plus (PUP) exercises with different hand positions or contact areas did not significantly enhance serratus anterior activation. However, variations did impact other upper extremity muscles, offering potential for targeted training.

Keywords:
ElectromyographyExercisePush-up plusRehabilitationRotation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology
  • Musculoskeletal Adaptations to Exercise

Background:

  • Push-up variations, including the push-up plus (PUP), are commonly modified to target specific muscle activation.
  • The PUP exercise is often utilized to emphasize serratus anterior activation.
  • Limited research exists on how altering body posture and hand placement in PUP exercises affects shoulder and rotator cuff muscle activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the changes in upper extremity muscle activity during modified push-up plus (PUP) exercises.
  • To analyze the effects of varying hand contact area, humeral rotation, and hand location on muscle activation patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty healthy male participants performed modified PUP exercises.
  • Variations included hand contact (knuckles/palms), humeral rotation (neutral, 60° internal, 60° external), and hand location (superior/inferior relative to shoulder height).
  • Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from 14 muscles in the right upper extremity.

Main Results:

  • Palm contact and a superior hand location showed a trend towards increased serratus anterior activation, though changes were marginal.
  • Each tested variable significantly altered mean EMG for most recorded muscles.
  • The most substantial EMG changes were observed in the infraspinatus, upper and lower trapezius, and anterior deltoid muscles.

Conclusions:

  • Standard modifications to the push-up plus (PUP) do not appear to significantly enhance serratus anterior activation.
  • Variations in PUP execution elicit diverse muscle activation responses in other upper extremity muscles, including the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers.
  • These findings suggest that modified PUP exercises can be tailored to target specific muscle groups, offering valuable implications for exercise prescription and rehabilitation.