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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

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Overview
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Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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The Atomic Theory of Matter02:59

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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Atomic Mass01:52

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Analyzing the Li-Al-O Interphase of Atomic Layer-Deposited Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Films on Layered Oxide Cathodes Using Atomistic Simulations.

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Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition
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Particle atomic layer deposition.

Alan W Weimer1

  • 1Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0596 USA.

Journal of Nanoparticle Research : an Interdisciplinary Forum for Nanoscale Science and Technology
|January 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) functionalizes particles with conformal nanothick films. This technique precisely controls film thickness for diverse applications, offering a path toward commercial products.

Keywords:
Atomic layer depositionCoatingNanolayersNanoparticleParticle ALD

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enables conformal coating of particles.
  • Controlling film thickness at the nanoscale is crucial for advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the history and advancements in particle ALD.
  • To discuss methods, applications, and future prospects of particle ALD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of agitated reactor processing for particle ALD.
  • Exploration of atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD).
  • Analysis of coating techniques for inorganic/polymer particles, nanoparticles, and nanotubes.

Main Results:

  • Particle ALD achieves highly conformal nanothick films on complex surfaces.
  • Precise control over film thickness (angstroms to nanometers) is demonstrated.
  • Continuous or semi-continuous films can be produced.

Conclusions:

  • Particle ALD is a versatile technique for particle functionalization.
  • The review highlights diverse applications and commercial potential.
  • Future developments are expected to drive near-term product realization.