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On Standardizing Within-Person Effects: Potential Problems of Global Standardization.
Lijuan Wang1, Qian Zhang2, Scott E Maxwell1
1a Department of Psychology , University of Notre Dame.
Multivariate Behavioral Research
|January 22, 2019
Summary
Person-mean centering with global standardization can produce biased estimates in multilevel modeling. A person-mean-SD standardization approach offers accurate estimates for within-person relations, especially with sufficient data points.
Area of Science:
- Multilevel modeling
- Statistical analysis
- Psychometrics
Background:
- Person-mean centering is recommended for disaggregating between-person and within-person effects in multilevel models.
- Global standardization is commonly advised for standardizing fixed effects in multilevel modeling textbooks.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the accuracy of person-mean centering followed by global standardization for estimating within-person relations in multilevel modeling.
- To compare the performance of global standardization with a person-mean-SD standardization approach.
Main Methods:
- Analytical derivation of estimation consistency under different standardization methods.
- Simulation studies to assess the performance of global standardization and person-mean-SD standardization.
- Empirical illustration using daily diary data on emotional complexity.
Main Results:
- Global standardization generally yields inconsistent (biased) estimates when between-person differences in within-person standard deviations exist and the average within-person relation is non-zero.
- The person-mean-SD standardization approach provides consistent estimates.
- Simulations showed misleading results with global standardization, while the person-mean-SD approach demonstrated accurate estimates and satisfactory coverage rates with 30 or more occasions.
Conclusions:
- Global standardization is often inappropriate for estimating within-person relations in multilevel models.
- Person-mean-SD standardization is a reliable method for obtaining accurate estimates of within-person effects.
- Researchers should carefully select standardization methods based on theoretical considerations and clearly report their procedures.
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