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On Standardizing Within-Person Effects: Potential Problems of Global Standardization.

Lijuan Wang1, Qian Zhang2, Scott E Maxwell1

  • 1a Department of Psychology , University of Notre Dame.

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Summary

Person-mean centering with global standardization can produce biased estimates in multilevel modeling. A person-mean-SD standardization approach offers accurate estimates for within-person relations, especially with sufficient data points.

Keywords:
Within-person relationsmultilevel modelingstandardizationtime-varying predictors

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Area of Science:

  • Multilevel modeling
  • Statistical analysis
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Person-mean centering is recommended for disaggregating between-person and within-person effects in multilevel models.
  • Global standardization is commonly advised for standardizing fixed effects in multilevel modeling textbooks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the accuracy of person-mean centering followed by global standardization for estimating within-person relations in multilevel modeling.
  • To compare the performance of global standardization with a person-mean-SD standardization approach.

Main Methods:

  • Analytical derivation of estimation consistency under different standardization methods.
  • Simulation studies to assess the performance of global standardization and person-mean-SD standardization.
  • Empirical illustration using daily diary data on emotional complexity.

Main Results:

  • Global standardization generally yields inconsistent (biased) estimates when between-person differences in within-person standard deviations exist and the average within-person relation is non-zero.
  • The person-mean-SD standardization approach provides consistent estimates.
  • Simulations showed misleading results with global standardization, while the person-mean-SD approach demonstrated accurate estimates and satisfactory coverage rates with 30 or more occasions.

Conclusions:

  • Global standardization is often inappropriate for estimating within-person relations in multilevel models.
  • Person-mean-SD standardization is a reliable method for obtaining accurate estimates of within-person effects.
  • Researchers should carefully select standardization methods based on theoretical considerations and clearly report their procedures.