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Updated: Jan 30, 2026
Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
Published on: June 28, 2018
Current antimicrobial management of community-acquired pneumonia in HIV-infected children
1a Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital , Cape Town , South Africa.
Introduction:
Community-acquired pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality amongst HIV-infected infants and children. Polymicrobial infection is common and, due to the difficulties in confirming the etiology of pneumonia, empiric broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy is frequently used.
Areas Covered:
The author based this article on literature identified from PubMed. The author's search terms included: pneumonia, community-acquired pneumonia, HIV, children. The articles reviewed included original studies, recent review articles and current guidelines on the management of pneumonia in HIV-infected children. The microbiological etiology and the empiric and pathogen-specific antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia in HIV-infected and HIV-exposed infants and children are also discussed.
Expert Opinion:
There are many changing epidemiological factors impacting antimicrobial management of community-acquired pneumonia in the context of HIV infection in infants and children. These include vaccination strategies, antimicrobial prophylaxis, emerging drug-resistant pathogens, and recognition of the importance of viruses and tuberculosis in the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Further research is needed on optimal amtimicrobial management strategies in HIV-exposed uninfected children, and HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy.
Insights
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major threat to HIV-infected children. Optimal antimicrobial strategies require further research due to evolving epidemiology and drug resistance.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases
- HIV Medicine
- Pulmonology
Background:
- Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant cause of illness and death in children with HIV.
- Polymicrobial infections are frequent, often necessitating empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment due to diagnostic challenges.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current understanding of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in HIV-infected and HIV-exposed children.
- To discuss the microbiological etiology and antimicrobial management strategies for CAP in this vulnerable population.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of PubMed-indexed articles, including original studies, reviews, and guidelines.
- Search terms focused on pneumonia, CAP, HIV, and children.
Main Results:
- Epidemiological factors like vaccination, prophylaxis, and drug resistance impact CAP management in HIV-infected children.
- Viruses and tuberculosis are increasingly recognized as important causes of CAP.
Conclusions:
- Optimal antimicrobial management strategies for CAP in HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy require further investigation.
- Evolving factors necessitate updated approaches to CAP treatment in pediatric HIV.
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