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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Cell-based Assay Protocol for the Prognostic Prediction of Idiopathic Scoliosis Using Cellular Dielectric Spectroscopy
Published on: October 16, 2013
The third dimension of scoliosis: The forgotten axial plane
Tamás S Illés1, Francois Lavaste2, Jean F Dubousset3
1Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles/Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, CHU-Odense and Clinical Research Institute, Denmark South University, Odense, Denmark; Académie Nationale de Médecine, 16, rue Bonaparte, 75006 Paris, France.
Abstract:
Idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional (3D) deformity of the spine. In clinical practice, however, the diagnosis and treatment of scoliosis consider only two dimensions (2D) as they rely solely on postero-anterior (PA) and lateral radiographs. Thus, the projections of the deformity are evaluated in only the coronal and sagittal planes, whereas those in the axial plane are disregarded, precluding an accurate assessment of the 3D deformity. A universal dogma in engineering is that designing a 3D object requires drawing projections of the object in all three planes. Similarly, when dealing with a 3D deformity, knowledge of the abnormalities in all three planes is crucial, as each plane is as important as the other two planes. This article reviews the chronological development of axial plane imaging and spinal deformity measurement.
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