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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Introduction to z Scores01:06

Introduction to z Scores

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A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a zero z score. It is important to note that the mean of the z scores is zero, and the standard deviation is one.
z scores...
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Introduction to z Scores01:05

Introduction to z Scores

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A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It indicates how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a zero z score. It is important to note that the mean of the z scores is zero, and the standard deviation is one.
z scores...
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z Scores and Area Under the Curve01:17

z Scores and Area Under the Curve

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z scores are the standardized values obtained after converting a normal distribution into a standard normal distribution. A z score is measured in units of the standard deviation. The z score tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a z score of...
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Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Isolation of Mouse Interstitial Valve Cells to Study the Calcification of the Aortic Valve In Vitro
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Reproducibility of aortic valve calcification scoring with computed tomography - An interplatform analysis.

M Eberhard1, R Hinzpeter1, M Polacin1

  • 1Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.

Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography
|January 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Different software platforms provide comparable results for aortic valve calcification (AVC) scoring, indicating the method is software-independent. This ensures reliable assessment of aortic stenosis likelihood across various systems.

Keywords:
Aortic stenosisComputed tomographyReproducibility of resultsTranscatheter aortic valve replacement

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Radiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Aortic valve calcification (AVC) scoring is crucial for assessing aortic stenosis severity.
  • Variability in AVC scoring across different software platforms may impact clinical decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the comparability of AVC Agatston scores generated by four commercial workstation platforms.
  • To determine if AVC scoring is software-independent for assessing aortic stenosis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of CT scans from 100 patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis.
  • AVC scoring performed by two observers using four vendor software platforms (GE, Philips, Siemens, 3mensio).
  • Statistical analyses included Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation, linear regression, and Bland-Altman analysis.

Main Results:

  • All platforms showed excellent correlation (r=0.991-0.996) and minimal differences in AVC Agatston scores.
  • Bland-Altman analysis revealed small mean differences and narrow limits of agreement between platforms.
  • Likelihood category assignment for severe aortic stenosis was consistent across platforms, with no significant differences observed.

Conclusions:

  • Commercially available software platforms yield comparable results for AVC scoring.
  • The AVC scoring method demonstrates software-independence, supporting its reliable use in clinical practice.