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Using a Comparative Species Approach to Investigate the Neurobiology of Paternal Responses
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Ejaculate-mediated paternal effects: evidence, mechanisms and evolutionary implications.

Jonathan P Evans1, Alastair J Wilson2, Andrea Pilastro3

  • 1Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.

Reproduction (Cambridge, England)
|January 23, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Male ejaculates influence offspring traits beyond DNA. Environmental and genetic factors in semen can alter offspring characteristics, demonstrating widespread ejaculate-mediated paternal effects (EMPEs) across species.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Male ejaculate (spermatozoa and seminal fluid) is compositionally complex.
  • Changes in ejaculate can influence offspring traits independently of the sperm's DNA.
  • Ejaculate-mediated paternal effects (EMPEs) represent a significant area of study.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compile evidence on ejaculate-mediated paternal effects (EMPEs).
  • To explore environmental and genetic factors influencing EMPEs.
  • To discuss mechanistic pathways, female influences, and evolutionary implications of EMPEs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing evidence from multiple disciplines and taxonomic systems.
  • Analysis of factors impacting offspring phenotypes via ejaculates.
  • Examination of potential mechanistic pathways and evolutionary consequences.

Main Results:

  • EMPEs are widespread and varied across numerous species.
  • Environmental and genetic factors significantly impact offspring phenotypes through ejaculates.
  • Female influences and maternal effects can modulate or confound EMPEs.

Conclusions:

  • EMPEs are a prevalent phenomenon in reproduction.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the evolutionary significance of EMPEs.
  • Ejaculates act as crucial conduits for paternal influences on offspring beyond genetic inheritance.