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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.

Regulated Protein Degradation

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

Epigenetic Mechanisms Within the Cingulate Cortex Regulate Innate Anxiety-Like Behavior.

Anupam Sah¹, Sergey Sotnikov², Maria Kharitonova¹

¹Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

|January 23, 2019

Summary

Environmental enrichment and histone-deacetylase-inhibitor MS-275 reduce anxiety by increasing acetylation in the cingulate cortex. This epigenetic modification in the cingulate cortex may serve as a biomarker for successful anxiety treatment.

Keywords:

anxiolytic drug development histone-3 immediate early gene innate anxiety prefrontal cortex

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Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

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Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

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Published on: January 20, 2012

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Published on: February 6, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Genetics
Pharmacology

Background:

Pathological anxiety arises from genetic and environmental factors influencing epigenetic mechanisms.
Epigenetic processes that mitigate genetic predisposition to high anxiety are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the epigenetic mechanisms underlying anxiety-related behavior.
To explore the role of cingulate cortex acetylation in modulating anxiety.

Main Methods:

Utilized selectively bred high (HAB) and low (LAB) anxiety mouse lines.
Applied environmental enrichment, pharmacological interventions (MS-275), and brain-specific manipulations.
Employed c-Fos mapping and immunohistochemistry to assess neuronal activity and epigenetic modifications.

Main Results:

Environmental enrichment reduced anxiety in HAB mice, normalizing cingulate cortex neuronal activation.
HAB mice showed reduced cingulate cortex acetylation, which was reversed by enrichment and MS-275 treatment.
MS-275 administration, particularly in the cingulate cortex, decreased anxiety and increased histone-3 acetylation.

Conclusions:

Anxiety reduction through environmental or pharmacological means is epigenetically mediated by cingulate cortex acetylation.
Histone-3 specific histone-deacetylase inhibitors show therapeutic potential for anxiety disorders.