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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Diffusion01:12

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing
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Tin, The Enabler-Hydrogen Diffusion into Ruthenium.

Chidozie Onwudinanti1, Ionuţ Tranca2, Thomas Morgan3

  • 1Center for Computational Energy Research, DIFFER-Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands. c.k.onwudinanti@differ.nl.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Tin significantly lowers the energy barrier for hydrogen to penetrate ruthenium surfaces, causing blistering in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) optics. This understanding aids in mitigating EUV optic damage and exploring hydrogen storage applications.

Keywords:
DFTbond orderelectronegativityhydrogenrutheniumsurfacetintransition state

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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Ruthenium (Ru)-based multilayer reflectors are crucial for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography.
  • Hydrogen interaction with Ru surfaces leads to blistering and reduced reflectivity, a problem exacerbated by tin (Sn).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism by which tin influences hydrogen uptake on ruthenium surfaces.
  • To provide insights for mitigating hydrogen-induced blistering in EUV optics.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed.
  • Charge density analyses were performed to understand electronic interactions.

Main Results:

  • Adsorption of tin or tin hydride (SnHx) species on the Ru surface significantly reduces the energy barrier for hydrogen penetration.
  • The energy barrier dropped from 1.06 eV to as low as 0.28 eV with stannane (SnH₄).
  • Charge transfer from tin to hydrogen and ruthenium facilitates hydrogen penetration by increasing electron density around hydrogen and Ru surface atoms.

Conclusions:

  • Tin enhances hydrogen penetration into ruthenium by lowering the activation energy barrier.
  • Understanding tin's role is key to developing strategies for protecting EUV optics from hydrogen damage.
  • This research also has implications for hydrogen storage technologies.