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Per-Unit Sequence Models01:26

Per-Unit Sequence Models

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An ideal Y-Y transformer, grounded through neutral impedances, displays per-unit sequence networks akin to those of a single-phase ideal transformer when subjected to balanced positive- or negative-sequence currents. These currents do not produce neutral currents, and their associated voltage drops.
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Carbon Monoxide Levels in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit by Modeling and Operational Testing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Spaceflight operations
    • Occupational health
    • Environmental monitoring

    Background:

    • Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas that can pose risks to spaceflight operations.
    • Assessing CO contamination in oxygen (O₂) supplies during extravehicular activity (EVA) is crucial for astronaut safety.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate an analytical model for estimating CO contamination in the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU).
    • To determine if maximum CO contamination levels during EVA reach dangerous thresholds.
    • To compare model predictions with occupational monitoring data.

    Main Methods:

    • An analytical model was created to estimate O₂ and CO concentrations within the EMU based on flow rates.
    • The model simulated prebreathe, EVA, and suit doffing durations and pressures.
    • Crewmember carboxyhemoglobin saturation (COHb%) was calculated using the Coburn-Forster-Kane equation.
    • CO-oximeter measurements of COHb% (Spco) were taken pre- and post-EVA in both ground analogs and on the International Space Station (ISS).

    Main Results:

    • The model predicted a maximum PCO of 0.061 mmHg and a maximum COHb% of 2.1% in the EMU.
    • Ground-based analog Spco measurements averaged 0.7% pretest and 0.5% posttest.
    • ISS Spco values averaged 1.5% pre-EVA and 1.1% post-EVA.

    Conclusions:

    • The analytical model indicates that astronauts are not exposed to toxic CO levels during EVA.
    • Operational Spco measurements support the model's findings, showing no significant changes pre- and post-EVA.
    • Astronaut exposure to carbon monoxide during space missions is within safe limits.