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Postural differences in shoulder dynamics during pushing and pulling.

Brian J Diefenbach1, David B Lipps2

  • 1School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Journal of Biomechanics
|January 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shoulder joint stiffness decreases with arm elevation but increases with the plane of elevation. The central nervous system regulates these shoulder dynamics to ensure joint stability and prevent injury across various arm postures.

Keywords:
Joint impedanceJoint mechanicsShoulder stiffnessSystem identificationViscosity

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Science
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Shoulder dynamics, including inertial, viscous, and stiffness properties, are crucial for joint stability at rest and during muscle activation.
  • Understanding how arm posture affects these dynamics is essential for injury prevention and rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of arm posture on shoulder dynamics during horizontal pushing and pulling torques.
  • To quantify changes in shoulder stiffness, viscosity, and damping ratio across different arm positions and muscle activation levels.

Main Methods:

  • Sixteen healthy participants were tested in seven shoulder postures.
  • Rapid perturbations were applied to the shoulder to measure torque responses.
  • Impedance-based matching was used to estimate shoulder stiffness, viscosity, and damping ratio.
  • Linear mixed effects models analyzed the effects of torque, elevation angle, and plane of elevation.

Main Results:

  • Shoulder stiffness decreased with increasing arm elevation angles.
  • Viscosity remained unchanged with elevation angle, but damping ratio increased.
  • Shoulder stiffness, viscosity, and damping ratio all significantly increased with the plane of elevation.
  • Muscle activation (15% MVC) influenced these dynamic properties.

Conclusions:

  • Arm posture significantly alters shoulder joint dynamics, affecting stiffness, viscosity, and damping.
  • The central nervous system actively regulates these properties to maintain shoulder stability and protect against injury.
  • These findings have implications for understanding shoulder function and designing rehabilitation strategies.