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Related Concept Videos

Standard Enthalpy of Formation02:37

Standard Enthalpy of Formation

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Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly accepted set of conditions used as a reference point for the determination of properties under other different conditions. For chemists, the IUPAC standard state refers to materials under a pressure of 1 bar and solutions at 1 M and does not specify a temperature. Many thermochemical tables list values with a standard state of 1 atm. Because...
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Measurement: Standard Units03:38

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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

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Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes02:49

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The free energy change for a reaction that occurs under the standard conditions of 1 bar pressure and at 298 K is called the standard free energy change. Since free energy is a state function, its value depends only on the conditions of the initial and final states of the system. A convenient and common approach to the calculation of free energy changes for physical and chemical reactions is by use of widely available compilations of standard state thermodynamic data. One method involves the...
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Standard Solutions01:14

Standard Solutions

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Standard solutions refer to solutions with a precisely known concentration or composition. A primary standard is a highly pure, high molar mass, stable substance that is entirely soluble in water, the most commonly used solvent in analytical chemistry. The primary standard solution can be used to standardize secondary standards, which are substances with known concentrations but are less pure and stable. Standard solutions are essential for achieving accurate and reliable results in analytical...
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Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure
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Can We Standardize Clinical Functional Neuroimaging Procedures?

Roland Beisteiner1, Cyril Pernet2, Christoph Stippich3

  • 1Department of Neurology, High Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Frontiers in Neurology
|January 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standardizing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is crucial for its clinical use. This article explores options for fMRI standardization to aid medical decisions in treatment planning, particularly for radiotherapy and surgery.

Keywords:
clinical applicationfunctional MRIneuroimagingpatientsstandardization

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging
  • Clinical Applications

Background:

  • Growing interest in clinical applications of functional neuroimaging techniques like fMRI and MEG-EEG.
  • These non-invasive methods offer potential to localize brain functions and replace invasive technologies.
  • Discussions on standardizing these powerful neuroimaging methodologies are increasing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss standardization options for functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in clinical settings.
  • Focus on using fMRI as a medical decision aid for treatment planning.
  • Explore applications in radiotherapy and surgery planning.

Main Methods:

  • Review and discussion of current standardization approaches for fMRI.
  • Analysis of fMRI's role in clinical decision-making processes.
  • Consideration of specific clinical contexts like radiotherapy and surgical planning.

Main Results:

  • Identified key areas for fMRI standardization in clinical practice.
  • Highlighted the potential of standardized fMRI for improving treatment planning accuracy.
  • Emphasized the need for consensus on methodologies for reliable clinical translation.

Conclusions:

  • Standardization of fMRI is essential for its reliable integration into clinical workflows.
  • Standardized fMRI can significantly enhance medical decision support for complex treatments.
  • Further research and collaborative efforts are needed to establish robust fMRI standardization protocols for clinical applications.