A machine-learned analysis suggests non-redundant diagnostic information in olfactory subtests
Jörn Lötsch1,2, Thomas Hummel3
1Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe - University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
IBRO Reports
|January 24, 2019
Summary
Assessing the sense of smell involves testing olfactory thresholds, odor discrimination, and identification. Machine learning models show that olfactory thresholds provide the most crucial non-redundant information for accurate diagnosis.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Sensory Science
- Computational Biology
Background:
- Human olfactory performance is evaluated through olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification tests.
- Current clinical assessments vary in the components and number of tests used.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine if olfactory subtests provide redundant or unique diagnostic information.
- To assess the impact of individual subtests on diagnostic accuracy using machine learning.
Main Methods:
- Compared diagnostic accuracy of machine learning algorithms trained on all three olfactory subtests versus subsets.
- Utilized data from 10,714 subjects with varying olfactory function (anomia, hyposmia, normal).
Main Results:
- Machine learning models achieved 98% balanced accuracy when trained with all subtest data.
- Omitting olfactory thresholds significantly reduced accuracy to ~85%, while omitting discrimination or identification caused smaller drops (~90%).
Conclusions:
- Each olfactory subtest contributes partly non-redundant information to clinical diagnosis.
- Olfactory thresholds are the most informative subtest for olfactory diagnosis.
Related Concept Videos
01:19Machines
577
Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. One example of a machine is the cutting plier, which is used to cut wires by applying forces to its handles. When equal and opposite forces are exerted on the handles of the cutting plier, they cause the cutting edges to come together and apply equal and opposite reaction forces on the wire, which are greater than the applied forces.
A free-body diagram of the...
A free-body diagram of the...
577
01:30Machines: Problem Solving II
668
Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. Consider a lifting tong carrying a 100 kg load. It comprises movable sections DAF and CBG linked together with member AB.
668
01:22Machines: Problem Solving I
714
A toggle clamp is a mechanical device commonly used for holding and clamping objects in various applications, such as woodworking, metalworking, and assembly operations. Consider a toggle clamp subjected to a force of 200 N at the handle. The vertical clamping force can be calculated, provided the dimensions of the toggle clamp are known.
The toggle clamp system is a machine structure consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that form a stabilized system to transmit forces. The...
The toggle clamp system is a machine structure consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that form a stabilized system to transmit forces. The...
714
01:14Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness
2.6K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
2.6K
01:27Associative Learning
1.3K
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Classical conditioning, also known...
1.3K
01:22Purposive Learning
503
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
503