The nature of meiotic chromosome dynamics and recombination in budding yeast

During meiosis, crossing over allows for the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, enabling their segregation and leading to genetic variation in the resulting gametes. Spo11, a topoisomerase-like protein expressed in eukaryotes, and diverse accessory factors induce programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) to initiate meiotic recombination during the early phase of meiosis after DNA replication. DSBs are further repaired via meiosis-specific homologous recombination. Studies on budding yeast have provided insights into meiosis and genetic recombination and have improved our understanding of higher eukaryotic systems. Cohesin, a chromosome-associated multiprotein complex, mediates sister chromatid cohesion (SCC), and is conserved from yeast to humans. Diverse cohesin subunits in budding yeast have been identified in DNA metabolic pathways, such as DNA replication, chromosome segregation, recombination, DNA repair, and gene regulation. During cell cycle, SCC is established by multiple cohesin subunits, which physically bind sister chromatids together and modulate proteins that involve in the capturing and separation of sister chromatids. Cohesin components include at least four core subunits that establish and maintain SCC: two structural maintenance chromosome subunits (Smc1 and Smc3), an α-kleisin subunit (Mcd1/Scc1 during mitosis and Rec8 during meiosis), and Scc3/Irr1 (SA1 and SA2). In addition, the cohesin-associated factors Pds5 and Rad61 regulate structural modifications and cell cyclespecific dynamics of chromatin to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. In this review, we discuss SCC and the recombination pathway, as well as the relationship between the two processes in budding yeast, and we suggest a possible conserved mechanism for meiotic chromosome dynamics from yeast to humans.