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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

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IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management01:19

Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management

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The nursing management of Mitral Valve Prolapse, or MVP, centers around patient education, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.Patient Education on MVP Diagnosis and Heredity: Nurses should provide comprehensive education about MVP, a condition where the mitral valve does not close appropriately during heartbeats. This education often includes the condition's pathophysiology, symptoms, and potential complications, like arrhythmias or mitral regurgitation. Though not fully...
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Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management

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Aortic regurgitation (AR) is when the aortic valve does not close or seal properly, leading to backward blood circulation from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. Common causes of AR include rheumatic heart disease, congenital valve defects, and aortic root dilation. Managing AR requires a multifaceted approach to alleviate symptoms, preserve left ventricular function, and address the underlying cause of the regurgitation. Patients with symptomatic AR or significant left...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Isolation of Mouse Interstitial Valve Cells to Study the Calcification of the Aortic Valve In Vitro
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miR-214 is Stretch-Sensitive in Aortic Valve and Inhibits Aortic Valve Calcification.

Md Tausif Salim1, Joan Fernández Esmerats2, Sivakkumar Arjunon2

  • 1School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 387 Technology Circle NW, Technology Enterprise Park, Suite 200, Atlanta, GA, 30313, USA.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|January 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNA-214 (miR-214) is downregulated in calcified aortic valves (AVs). Cyclic stretch, a key factor in AV calcification, reduces miR-214, suggesting a protective role for miR-214 in this disease.

Keywords:
Aortic valveCalcificationCyclic stretchmiR-214

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) involves downregulation of microRNA-214 (miR-214) and upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways, particularly ATF4.
  • Elevated cyclic stretch is a primary mechanical stimulus contributing to AV calcification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of cyclic stretch on miR-214 expression and its downstream targets (ATF4, CHOP, BCL2L1) in porcine aortic valve (PAV) leaflets.
  • To determine the potential protective role of miR-214 in mitigating stretch-induced AV calcification.

Main Methods:

  • Porcine aortic valve leaflets were subjected to cyclic stretch (15%) in regular and osteogenic media to mimic early remodeling and late calcification stages.
  • Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to assess gene and microRNA expression levels.
  • miR-214 mimic transfection was performed in osteogenic medium to evaluate its effect on calcification.

Main Results:

  • Cyclic stretch significantly downregulated miR-214 expression during the late calcification stage.
  • mRNA expression of ATF4 was upregulated, while BCL2L1 was downregulated during both early and late stages of stretch.
  • Transfection with miR-214 mimic significantly reduced calcification in PAV leaflets compared to controls.

Conclusions:

  • miR-214 expression is suppressed by cyclic stretch in a manner consistent with its downregulation in calcific aortic valve disease.
  • Restoring miR-214 levels may offer a therapeutic strategy to counteract stretch-induced calcification in aortic valves.