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Related Concept Videos

Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

Third Law of Thermodynamics

22.0K
A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
27.0K
Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

54.9K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube01:18

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

3.2K
When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave...
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

3.5K
High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid
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Thermodynamically driven assemblies and liquid-liquid phase separations in biology.

Hanieh Falahati1, Amir Haji-Akbari

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. hanieh.falahati@yale.edu.

Soft Matter
|January 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Life

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Biological organization spans from subcellular structures to tissues and organs.
  • Cellular integrity requires energy, but some assembly processes are thermodynamically driven.
  • Understanding in vivo phase separation needs physics, experiments, and computation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Provide an overview of phase separation physics and biological implications.
  • Focus on the assembly of membraneless organelles.
  • Discuss thermodynamics, kinetics, and experimental/computational methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physical principles of phase separation (thermodynamics and kinetics).
  • Overview of experimental techniques for membraneless organelle characterization.

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  • Discussion of molecular simulations in understanding self-assembly.

    • Main Results:

    • Phase separation is a key physical principle driving biological organization.
    • Membraneless organelles assemble via thermodynamically driven processes.
    • Multidisciplinary approaches are crucial for understanding these phenomena.

    Conclusions:

    • Phase separation offers a physical basis for biological self-assembly.
    • Thermodynamics and kinetics govern the formation of membraneless organelles.
    • Integrating physics with experimental and computational methods advances biological understanding.